{"id":3847,"date":"2026-06-23T14:16:04","date_gmt":"2026-06-23T14:16:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.opapod.it\/fusarium-head-blight-and-the-risk-of-don-mycotoxins\/"},"modified":"2026-08-20T07:54:20","modified_gmt":"2026-08-20T07:54:20","slug":"fusarium-head-blight-and-the-risk-of-don-mycotoxins","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.opapod.it\/en\/fusarium-head-blight-and-the-risk-of-don-mycotoxins\/","title":{"rendered":"Fusarium Head Blight and the Risk of DON Mycotoxins"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3847\" class=\"elementor elementor-3847 elementor-3737\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95a2137 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"95a2137\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c79ed7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8c79ed7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What Fusarium head blight is and how it appears<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8696ab3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8696ab3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fusarium head blight in wheat is caused by a complex of fungal species, mainly <em><strong style=\"color: #034834;\">Fusarium graminearum <\/strong><\/em>and <em><strong style=\"color: #034834;\">Fusarium culmorum.<\/strong><\/em> Infection develops between heading and ripening, especially during flowering, when <strong style=\"color: #034834;\">exposed anthers<\/strong> provide the ideal entry point for the fungus. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76b2d01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"76b2d01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The most visible symptoms include<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a8df3f e-con-full full-mobile-box e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5a8df3f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f25625 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7f25625\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0fb0f45 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"0fb0f45\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><p class=\"elementor-image-box-title\">Discoloured ears<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e91a093 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"e91a093\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><p class=\"elementor-image-box-title\">Early drying of spikelets<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-512b9d6 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"512b9d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><p class=\"elementor-image-box-title\">Pale pink mycelium in severe infections<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-591a1bc elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"591a1bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><p class=\"elementor-image-box-title\">Shrivelled and wrinkled kernels<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e55329d elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"e55329d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><p class=\"elementor-image-box-title\">Reduction in hectolitre weight and thousand-kernel weight<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3bd7f6f e-con-full full-mobile-box e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3bd7f6f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f9ce77 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3f9ce77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The real risk: deoxynivalenol, or DON<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42314a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"42314a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The <em>Fusarium <\/em>species that attack wheat ears can produce <strong style=\"color: #034834;\">deoxynivalenol, known as DON<\/strong>. This mycotoxin belongs to the <strong style=\"color: #034834;\">trichothecene <\/strong>group, a class of toxic compounds with strong <strong style=\"color: #034834;\">cytotoxic <\/strong>and <strong style=\"color: #034834;\">immunosuppressive<\/strong> properties.<\/p>\n<p>The main problem is that DON is extremely stable. <strong style=\"color: #034834;\">It does not break down<\/strong> during <strong style=\"color: #034834;\">storage<\/strong>, <strong style=\"color: #034834;\">milling<\/strong>, processing or even <strong style=\"color: #034834;\">cooking<\/strong>. This means that once the <strong style=\"color: #034834;\">grain is contaminated<\/strong>, the contamination remains throughout the entire <strong style=\"color: #034834;\">supply chain<\/strong>, all the way to the finished food product. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-898c437 full-mobile-box e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"898c437\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f507d81 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f507d81\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67cf629 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"67cf629\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Legal limits and marketability<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64a8e9b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"64a8e9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>European regulations set strict <strong style=\"color: #034834;\">maximum limits<\/strong> for DON in cereals and cereal-based products. If these thresholds are exceeded, the product <strong style=\"color: #034834;\">cannot be placed on the market<\/strong>, resulting in <strong style=\"color: #034834;\">immediate economic losses<\/strong> for growers and <strong style=\"color: #034834;\">potential responsibility<\/strong> for buyers and processors who purchase grain without adequate controls. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c29e011 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c29e011\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Loss of production: up to 50%<\/li>\n<li>EU limit for marketing and for grain: 1,000 \u03bcg\/kg of DON in finished products intended for human consumption<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10ec99d e-con-full full-mobile-box e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10ec99d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1925976 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1925976\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e793be elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9e793be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Conditions that favour Fusarium and DON development <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae51b85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ae51b85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Three environmental factors and three agronomic factors determine the level of risk in each field and in each season.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7929dd elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e7929dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Environmental factors<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d8519cb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d8519cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-667b1be e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"667b1be\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e68616b elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-position-top elementor-position-top elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"e68616b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"912\" height=\"902\" src=\"https:\/\/www.opapod.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/precipitazioni.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-3465\" alt=\"rain icon\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.opapod.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/precipitazioni.png 912w, https:\/\/www.opapod.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/precipitazioni-300x297.png 300w, https:\/\/www.opapod.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/precipitazioni-768x760.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 912px) 100vw, 912px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><p class=\"elementor-image-box-title\">Rain during flowering<\/p><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">The infection window coincides precisely with flowering: rainfall and high humidity during this stage favour spore dispersal and the colonisation of exposed anthers. <\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-addee25 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-position-top elementor-position-top elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"addee25\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"326\" height=\"484\" src=\"https:\/\/www.opapod.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Temperatura.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-3464\" alt=\"temperature icon\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.opapod.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Temperatura.png 326w, https:\/\/www.opapod.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Temperatura-202x300.png 202w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 326px) 100vw, 326px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><p class=\"elementor-image-box-title\">Moderate temperatures<\/p><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">The optimal range for Fusarium graminearum is between 20 and 30 \u00b0C, which means that warm and humid springs can create highly favourable conditions for infection.  <\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f31b78 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-position-top elementor-position-top elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"8f31b78\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"592\" height=\"462\" src=\"https:\/\/www.opapod.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/apod_illustrazione3.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-3334\" alt=\"soil moisture\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.opapod.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/apod_illustrazione3.png 592w, https:\/\/www.opapod.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/apod_illustrazione3-300x234.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 592px) 100vw, 592px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><p class=\"elementor-image-box-title\">High relative humidity<\/p><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">High humidity supports fungal sporulation and keeps the ears wet for longer, extending the period in which infection can occur even beyond individual rainfall events. <\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0397c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c0397c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0860f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f0860f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"> Agronomic factors are just as important <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f6c79f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5f6c79f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69bbf6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"69bbf6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sowing wheat after maize or sorghum<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fd7156 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8fd7156\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong style=\"color: #034834;\">Crop residues <\/strong>act as the<strong style=\"color: #034834;\"> main substrate<\/strong> where the fungus survives and reproduces. For this reason, <strong style=\"color: #034834;\">crop rotation <\/strong>is one of the<strong style=\"color: #034834;\"> most effective preventive tools<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc8518f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fc8518f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Minimum tillage and no-till systems<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1505274 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1505274\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong style=\"color: #034834;\">Conservation techniques <\/strong>that leave residues on the surface <strong style=\"color: #034834;\">increase <\/strong>the availability of inoculum.<br\/>This is a <strong style=\"color: #034834;\">major risk<\/strong> factor, particularly in tight crop rotations.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b3f4d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2b3f4d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Varieties susceptible to Fusarium<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-09d870d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"09d870d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Not all wheat varieties respond to Fusarium in the same way. Choosing more tolerant varieties, both under development and already available on the market, can significantly help <strong style=\"color: #034834;\">reduce the problem<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bd39ee e-con-full full-mobile-box e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bd39ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b9cb15 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6b9cb15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"665\" height=\"664\" src=\"https:\/\/www.opapod.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Stazione-meteo-op-apod.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3470\" alt=\"DSS weather station for agriculture\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.opapod.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Stazione-meteo-op-apod.jpg 665w, https:\/\/www.opapod.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Stazione-meteo-op-apod-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.opapod.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Stazione-meteo-op-apod-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 665px) 100vw, 665px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5d2b9c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f5d2b9c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The treatment window: three days that can determine an entire season<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5472b7d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5472b7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>For the fungicide <strong>treatment <\/strong>against Fusarium to be<strong> effective<\/strong>, it must be <strong>applied<\/strong> within a <strong>3\u20134-day<\/strong> window, between the start of flowering and the point at which 30 per cent of the anthers have emerged.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35fe3da elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"35fe3da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>To identify the optimal time for intervention, it is essential to <strong>constantly monitor<\/strong> the crop\u2019s phenology and to use <strong>DSS systems integrated <\/strong>with <strong>agrometeorological stations<\/strong> to predict periods of risk and support precise and timely <strong>agronomic decisions<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cee7088 elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"cee7088\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opapod.it\/en\/apods-agrometeorological-stations-and-dss-data-and-models-for-smarter-farming\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Agrometeorological stations and DSS<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a79f613 full-mobile-box e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a79f613\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea1f3af e-con-full full-mobile-box e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ea1f3af\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99fcde8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"99fcde8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prevention strategies: protection begins before the fungus appears <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-813af5e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"813af5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong style=\"color: #034834;\">Chemical control <\/strong>is important, but <strong style=\"color: #034834;\">it is not enough on its own<\/strong>. Control of Fusarium head blight and DON is achieved through an<strong style=\"color: #034834;\"> integrated system of preventive measures<\/strong>: <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a854866 e-con-full full-mobile-box e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a854866\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e4a0c85 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e4a0c85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"592\" height=\"387\" src=\"https:\/\/www.opapod.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Risorsa-42.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3842\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.opapod.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Risorsa-42.png 592w, https:\/\/www.opapod.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Risorsa-42-300x196.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 592px) 100vw, 592px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b84885 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0b84885\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Crop rotation<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e194f12 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e194f12\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong style=\"color: #034834;\">Avoid <\/strong>sowing wheat after maize, sorghum or other cereals. <strong style=\"color: #034834;\">Legumes <\/strong>are the ideal rotation crop for breaking the fungal cycle and reducing the inoculum in the soil. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3ef2b6 e-con-full full-mobile-box e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a3ef2b6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2b4283 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b2b4283\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"299\" height=\"330\" src=\"https:\/\/www.opapod.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Risorsa-41.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3843\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.opapod.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Risorsa-41.png 299w, https:\/\/www.opapod.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Risorsa-41-272x300.png 272w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 299px) 100vw, 299px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8308cb2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8308cb2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Soil tillage<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac946f3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ac946f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong style=\"color: #034834;\">Ploughing <\/strong>buries crop residues and drastically reduces the <strong style=\"color: #034834;\">availability of spores on the surface.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a5bd40 e-con-full full-mobile-box e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3a5bd40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8863379 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8863379\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"207\" height=\"387\" src=\"https:\/\/www.opapod.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Risorsa-43.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3844\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.opapod.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Risorsa-43.png 207w, https:\/\/www.opapod.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Risorsa-43-160x300.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 207px) 100vw, 207px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7364e98 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7364e98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Variety selection<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c058607 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c058607\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Over the last 15 years, research has developed genotypes with <strong style=\"color: #034834;\">greater tolerance<\/strong> to Fusarium head blight, while still maintaining the agronomic and supply-chain characteristics required (productivity, protein quality and rusticity). <strong style=\"color: #034834;\">Varietal selection<\/strong> is the most sustainable preventive measure, particularly in the context of <strong style=\"color: #034834;\">climate change<\/strong>. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be53866 e-con-full full-mobile-box e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"be53866\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-939f98a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"939f98a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Managing Fusarium risk with APOD\u2019s technical support<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55542b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"55542b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Agrometeorological stations<\/strong>, <strong>DSS models<\/strong>, <strong>variety consulting<\/strong> and <strong>field monitoring<\/strong>: OP Apod members have access to the tools they need to identify the correct treatment window and protect the <strong>quality of the grain<\/strong> they deliver.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-623d13b elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget-mobile__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"623d13b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opapod.it\/en\/technical-assistance-in-the-field\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">APOD\u2019s technical field support<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b69e13c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b69e13c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe6f803 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fe6f803\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Frequently asked questions about Fusarium head blight in wheat<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e57ff8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"8e57ff8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;expanded&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;one&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1490\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" open>\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1490\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> What is Fusarium head blight in wheat? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"37\" height=\"3\" viewBox=\"0 0 37 3\" fill=\"none\"><line y1=\"1.03613\" x2=\"36.0815\" y2=\"1.03613\" stroke=\"black\" stroke-width=\"2\"><\/line><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"37\" height=\"37\" viewBox=\"0 0 37 37\" fill=\"none\"><line x1=\"19.0449\" y1=\"4.37114e-08\" x2=\"19.0449\" y2=\"36.0815\" stroke=\"black\" stroke-width=\"2\"><\/line><line y1=\"17.0361\" x2=\"36.0815\" y2=\"17.0361\" stroke=\"black\" stroke-width=\"2\"><\/line><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1490\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-681eac3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"681eac3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d465366 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d465366\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fusarium head blight in wheat is a fungal disease mainly caused by Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum, which affects wheat during the flowering stage. In addition to reducing yield, it can compromise grain quality. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1491\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1491\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Why is Fusarium head blight so dangerous? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"37\" height=\"3\" viewBox=\"0 0 37 3\" fill=\"none\"><line y1=\"1.03613\" x2=\"36.0815\" y2=\"1.03613\" stroke=\"black\" stroke-width=\"2\"><\/line><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"37\" height=\"37\" viewBox=\"0 0 37 37\" fill=\"none\"><line x1=\"19.0449\" y1=\"4.37114e-08\" x2=\"19.0449\" y2=\"36.0815\" stroke=\"black\" stroke-width=\"2\"><\/line><line y1=\"17.0361\" x2=\"36.0815\" y2=\"17.0361\" stroke=\"black\" stroke-width=\"2\"><\/line><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1491\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4c508f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c4c508f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-416f70a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"416f70a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"560\" data-end=\"750\">Because it does not only cause yield losses: it can also contaminate the grain with mycotoxins, particularly deoxynivalenol (DON), making the product unsuitable for sale.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1492\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1492\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> What is DON? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"37\" height=\"3\" viewBox=\"0 0 37 3\" fill=\"none\"><line y1=\"1.03613\" x2=\"36.0815\" y2=\"1.03613\" stroke=\"black\" stroke-width=\"2\"><\/line><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"37\" height=\"37\" viewBox=\"0 0 37 37\" fill=\"none\"><line x1=\"19.0449\" y1=\"4.37114e-08\" x2=\"19.0449\" y2=\"36.0815\" stroke=\"black\" stroke-width=\"2\"><\/line><line y1=\"17.0361\" x2=\"36.0815\" y2=\"17.0361\" stroke=\"black\" stroke-width=\"2\"><\/line><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1492\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4df07b9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4df07b9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5028deb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5028deb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDON (deoxynivalenol) is a mycotoxin produced by certain Fusarium species. It is toxic to humans and animals and may have cytotoxic and immunosuppressive effects. \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1493\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"4\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1493\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Can DON be removed through processing or cooking? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"37\" height=\"3\" viewBox=\"0 0 37 3\" fill=\"none\"><line y1=\"1.03613\" x2=\"36.0815\" y2=\"1.03613\" stroke=\"black\" stroke-width=\"2\"><\/line><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"37\" height=\"37\" viewBox=\"0 0 37 37\" fill=\"none\"><line x1=\"19.0449\" y1=\"4.37114e-08\" x2=\"19.0449\" y2=\"36.0815\" stroke=\"black\" stroke-width=\"2\"><\/line><line y1=\"17.0361\" x2=\"36.0815\" y2=\"17.0361\" stroke=\"black\" stroke-width=\"2\"><\/line><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1493\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46c456b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46c456b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8582fd2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8582fd2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNo. DON is extremely stable: it is not eliminated during storage, milling or food processing. \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1494\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"5\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1494\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> When should fungicide treatment be carried out? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"37\" height=\"3\" viewBox=\"0 0 37 3\" fill=\"none\"><line y1=\"1.03613\" x2=\"36.0815\" y2=\"1.03613\" stroke=\"black\" stroke-width=\"2\"><\/line><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"37\" height=\"37\" viewBox=\"0 0 37 37\" fill=\"none\"><line x1=\"19.0449\" y1=\"4.37114e-08\" x2=\"19.0449\" y2=\"36.0815\" stroke=\"black\" stroke-width=\"2\"><\/line><line y1=\"17.0361\" x2=\"36.0815\" y2=\"17.0361\" stroke=\"black\" stroke-width=\"2\"><\/line><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1494\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d0aed22 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d0aed22\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffd3915 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffd3915\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe critical timing is a very short window of around 3\u20134 days, between the beginning of flowering and 30% anther emergence. Phenological monitoring is essential to intervene correctly. \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1495\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"6\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1495\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Why is crop rotation so important? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"37\" height=\"3\" viewBox=\"0 0 37 3\" fill=\"none\"><line y1=\"1.03613\" x2=\"36.0815\" y2=\"1.03613\" stroke=\"black\" stroke-width=\"2\"><\/line><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"37\" height=\"37\" viewBox=\"0 0 37 37\" fill=\"none\"><line x1=\"19.0449\" y1=\"4.37114e-08\" x2=\"19.0449\" y2=\"36.0815\" stroke=\"black\" stroke-width=\"2\"><\/line><line y1=\"17.0361\" x2=\"36.0815\" y2=\"17.0361\" stroke=\"black\" stroke-width=\"2\"><\/line><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1495\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c5fd6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4c5fd6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-491163f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"491163f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBecause crop residues from maize, sorghum and cereals host the fungus, allowing it to survive in the soil and increase the inoculum pressure on the following crop.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is Fusarium head blight in wheat?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Fusarium head blight in wheat is a fungal disease mainly caused by Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum, which affects wheat during the flowering stage. 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